// Code generated by "go test -run=Generate -write=all"; DO NOT EDIT. // Copyright 2018 The Go Authors. All rights reserved. // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style // license that can be found in the LICENSE file. // This file implements type parameter inference. package types import ( "fmt" "go/token" . "internal/types/errors" "strings" ) // If enableReverseTypeInference is set, uninstantiated and // partially instantiated generic functions may be assigned // (incl. returned) to variables of function type and type // inference will attempt to infer the missing type arguments. // Available with go1.21. const enableReverseTypeInference = true // disable for debugging // infer attempts to infer the complete set of type arguments for generic function instantiation/call // based on the given type parameters tparams, type arguments targs, function parameters params, and // function arguments args, if any. There must be at least one type parameter, no more type arguments // than type parameters, and params and args must match in number (incl. zero). // If reverse is set, an error message's contents are reversed for a better error message for some // errors related to reverse type inference (where the function call is synthetic). // If successful, infer returns the complete list of given and inferred type arguments, one for each // type parameter. Otherwise the result is nil and appropriate errors will be reported. func (check *Checker) infer(posn positioner, tparams []*TypeParam, targs []Type, params *Tuple, args []*operand, reverse bool) (inferred []Type) { // Don't verify result conditions if there's no error handler installed: // in that case, an error leads to an exit panic and the result value may // be incorrect. But in that case it doesn't matter because callers won't // be able to use it either. if check.conf.Error != nil { defer func() { assert(inferred == nil || len(inferred) == len(tparams) && !containsNil(inferred)) }() } if traceInference { check.dump("== infer : %s%s ➞ %s", tparams, params, targs) // aligned with rename print below defer func() { check.dump("=> %s ➞ %s\n", tparams, inferred) }() } // There must be at least one type parameter, and no more type arguments than type parameters. n := len(tparams) assert(n > 0 && len(targs) <= n) // Parameters and arguments must match in number. assert(params.Len() == len(args)) // If we already have all type arguments, we're done. if len(targs) == n && !containsNil(targs) { return targs } // If we have invalid (ordinary) arguments, an error was reported before. // Avoid additional inference errors and exit early (go.dev/issue/60434). for _, arg := range args { if arg.mode == invalid { return nil } } // Make sure we have a "full" list of type arguments, some of which may // be nil (unknown). Make a copy so as to not clobber the incoming slice. if len(targs) < n { targs2 := make([]Type, n) copy(targs2, targs) targs = targs2 } // len(targs) == n // Continue with the type arguments we have. Avoid matching generic // parameters that already have type arguments against function arguments: // It may fail because matching uses type identity while parameter passing // uses assignment rules. Instantiate the parameter list with the type // arguments we have, and continue with that parameter list. // Substitute type arguments for their respective type parameters in params, // if any. Note that nil targs entries are ignored by check.subst. // We do this for better error messages; it's not needed for correctness. // For instance, given: // // func f[P, Q any](P, Q) {} // // func _(s string) { // f[int](s, s) // ERROR // } // // With substitution, we get the error: // "cannot use s (variable of type string) as int value in argument to f[int]" // // Without substitution we get the (worse) error: // "type string of s does not match inferred type int for P" // even though the type int was provided (not inferred) for P. // // TODO(gri) We might be able to finesse this in the error message reporting // (which only happens in case of an error) and then avoid doing // the substitution (which always happens). if params.Len() > 0 { smap := makeSubstMap(tparams, targs) params = check.subst(nopos, params, smap, nil, check.context()).(*Tuple) } // Unify parameter and argument types for generic parameters with typed arguments // and collect the indices of generic parameters with untyped arguments. // Terminology: generic parameter = function parameter with a type-parameterized type u := newUnifier(tparams, targs, check.allowVersion(check.pkg, posn, go1_21)) errorf := func(tpar, targ Type, arg *operand) { // provide a better error message if we can targs := u.inferred(tparams) if targs[0] == nil { // The first type parameter couldn't be inferred. // If none of them could be inferred, don't try // to provide the inferred type in the error msg. allFailed := true for _, targ := range targs { if targ != nil { allFailed = false break } } if allFailed { check.errorf(arg, CannotInferTypeArgs, "type %s of %s does not match %s (cannot infer %s)", targ, arg.expr, tpar, typeParamsString(tparams)) return } } smap := makeSubstMap(tparams, targs) // TODO(gri): pass a poser here, rather than arg.Pos(). inferred := check.subst(arg.Pos(), tpar, smap, nil, check.context()) // CannotInferTypeArgs indicates a failure of inference, though the actual // error may be better attributed to a user-provided type argument (hence // InvalidTypeArg). We can't differentiate these cases, so fall back on // the more general CannotInferTypeArgs. if inferred != tpar { if reverse { check.errorf(arg, CannotInferTypeArgs, "inferred type %s for %s does not match type %s of %s", inferred, tpar, targ, arg.expr) } else { check.errorf(arg, CannotInferTypeArgs, "type %s of %s does not match inferred type %s for %s", targ, arg.expr, inferred, tpar) } } else { check.errorf(arg, CannotInferTypeArgs, "type %s of %s does not match %s", targ, arg.expr, tpar) } } // indices of generic parameters with untyped arguments, for later use var untyped []int // --- 1 --- // use information from function arguments if traceInference { u.tracef("== function parameters: %s", params) u.tracef("-- function arguments : %s", args) } for i, arg := range args { if arg.mode == invalid { // An error was reported earlier. Ignore this arg // and continue, we may still be able to infer all // targs resulting in fewer follow-on errors. // TODO(gri) determine if we still need this check continue } par := params.At(i) if isParameterized(tparams, par.typ) || isParameterized(tparams, arg.typ) { // Function parameters are always typed. Arguments may be untyped. // Collect the indices of untyped arguments and handle them later. if isTyped(arg.typ) { if !u.unify(par.typ, arg.typ, assign) { errorf(par.typ, arg.typ, arg) return nil } } else if _, ok := par.typ.(*TypeParam); ok && !arg.isNil() { // Since default types are all basic (i.e., non-composite) types, an // untyped argument will never match a composite parameter type; the // only parameter type it can possibly match against is a *TypeParam. // Thus, for untyped arguments we only need to look at parameter types // that are single type parameters. // Also, untyped nils don't have a default type and can be ignored. untyped = append(untyped, i) } } } if traceInference { inferred := u.inferred(tparams) u.tracef("=> %s ➞ %s\n", tparams, inferred) } // --- 2 --- // use information from type parameter constraints if traceInference { u.tracef("== type parameters: %s", tparams) } // Unify type parameters with their constraints as long // as progress is being made. // // This is an O(n^2) algorithm where n is the number of // type parameters: if there is progress, at least one // type argument is inferred per iteration, and we have // a doubly nested loop. // // In practice this is not a problem because the number // of type parameters tends to be very small (< 5 or so). // (It should be possible for unification to efficiently // signal newly inferred type arguments; then the loops // here could handle the respective type parameters only, // but that will come at a cost of extra complexity which // may not be worth it.) for i := 0; ; i++ { nn := u.unknowns() if traceInference { if i > 0 { fmt.Println() } u.tracef("-- iteration %d", i) } for _, tpar := range tparams { tx := u.at(tpar) core, single := coreTerm(tpar) if traceInference { u.tracef("-- type parameter %s = %s: core(%s) = %s, single = %v", tpar, tx, tpar, core, single) } // If there is a core term (i.e., a core type with tilde information) // unify the type parameter with the core type. if core != nil { // A type parameter can be unified with its core type in two cases. switch { case tx != nil: // The corresponding type argument tx is known. There are 2 cases: // 1) If the core type has a tilde, per spec requirement for tilde // elements, the core type is an underlying (literal) type. // And because of the tilde, the underlying type of tx must match // against the core type. // But because unify automatically matches a defined type against // an underlying literal type, we can simply unify tx with the // core type. // 2) If the core type doesn't have a tilde, we also must unify tx // with the core type. if !u.unify(tx, core.typ, 0) { // TODO(gri) Type parameters that appear in the constraint and // for which we have type arguments inferred should // use those type arguments for a better error message. check.errorf(posn, CannotInferTypeArgs, "%s (type %s) does not satisfy %s", tpar, tx, tpar.Constraint()) return nil } case single && !core.tilde: // The corresponding type argument tx is unknown and there's a single // specific type and no tilde. // In this case the type argument must be that single type; set it. u.set(tpar, core.typ) } } else { if tx != nil { // We don't have a core type, but the type argument tx is known. // It must have (at least) all the methods of the type constraint, // and the method signatures must unify; otherwise tx cannot satisfy // the constraint. // TODO(gri) Now that unification handles interfaces, this code can // be reduced to calling u.unify(tx, tpar.iface(), assign) // (which will compare signatures exactly as we do below). // We leave it as is for now because missingMethod provides // a failure cause which allows for a better error message. // Eventually, unify should return an error with cause. var cause string constraint := tpar.iface() if m, _ := check.missingMethod(tx, constraint, true, func(x, y Type) bool { return u.unify(x, y, exact) }, &cause); m != nil { // TODO(gri) better error message (see TODO above) check.errorf(posn, CannotInferTypeArgs, "%s (type %s) does not satisfy %s %s", tpar, tx, tpar.Constraint(), cause) return nil } } } } if u.unknowns() == nn { break // no progress } } if traceInference { inferred := u.inferred(tparams) u.tracef("=> %s ➞ %s\n", tparams, inferred) } // --- 3 --- // use information from untyped constants if traceInference { u.tracef("== untyped arguments: %v", untyped) } // Some generic parameters with untyped arguments may have been given a type by now. // Collect all remaining parameters that don't have a type yet and determine the // maximum untyped type for each of those parameters, if possible. var maxUntyped map[*TypeParam]Type // lazily allocated (we may not need it) for _, index := range untyped { tpar := params.At(index).typ.(*TypeParam) // is type parameter by construction of untyped if u.at(tpar) == nil { arg := args[index] // arg corresponding to tpar if maxUntyped == nil { maxUntyped = make(map[*TypeParam]Type) } max := maxUntyped[tpar] if max == nil { max = arg.typ } else { m := maxType(max, arg.typ) if m == nil { check.errorf(arg, CannotInferTypeArgs, "mismatched types %s and %s (cannot infer %s)", max, arg.typ, tpar) return nil } max = m } maxUntyped[tpar] = max } } // maxUntyped contains the maximum untyped type for each type parameter // which doesn't have a type yet. Set the respective default types. for tpar, typ := range maxUntyped { d := Default(typ) assert(isTyped(d)) u.set(tpar, d) } // --- simplify --- // u.inferred(tparams) now contains the incoming type arguments plus any additional type // arguments which were inferred. The inferred non-nil entries may still contain // references to other type parameters found in constraints. // For instance, for [A any, B interface{ []C }, C interface{ *A }], if A == int // was given, unification produced the type list [int, []C, *A]. We eliminate the // remaining type parameters by substituting the type parameters in this type list // until nothing changes anymore. inferred = u.inferred(tparams) if debug { for i, targ := range targs { assert(targ == nil || inferred[i] == targ) } } // The data structure of each (provided or inferred) type represents a graph, where // each node corresponds to a type and each (directed) vertex points to a component // type. The substitution process described above repeatedly replaces type parameter // nodes in these graphs with the graphs of the types the type parameters stand for, // which creates a new (possibly bigger) graph for each type. // The substitution process will not stop if the replacement graph for a type parameter // also contains that type parameter. // For instance, for [A interface{ *A }], without any type argument provided for A, // unification produces the type list [*A]. Substituting A in *A with the value for // A will lead to infinite expansion by producing [**A], [****A], [********A], etc., // because the graph A -> *A has a cycle through A. // Generally, cycles may occur across multiple type parameters and inferred types // (for instance, consider [P interface{ *Q }, Q interface{ func(P) }]). // We eliminate cycles by walking the graphs for all type parameters. If a cycle // through a type parameter is detected, killCycles nils out the respective type // (in the inferred list) which kills the cycle, and marks the corresponding type // parameter as not inferred. // // TODO(gri) If useful, we could report the respective cycle as an error. We don't // do this now because type inference will fail anyway, and furthermore, // constraints with cycles of this kind cannot currently be satisfied by // any user-supplied type. But should that change, reporting an error // would be wrong. killCycles(tparams, inferred) // dirty tracks the indices of all types that may still contain type parameters. // We know that nil type entries and entries corresponding to provided (non-nil) // type arguments are clean, so exclude them from the start. var dirty []int for i, typ := range inferred { if typ != nil && (i >= len(targs) || targs[i] == nil) { dirty = append(dirty, i) } } for len(dirty) > 0 { if traceInference { u.tracef("-- simplify %s ➞ %s", tparams, inferred) } // TODO(gri) Instead of creating a new substMap for each iteration, // provide an update operation for substMaps and only change when // needed. Optimization. smap := makeSubstMap(tparams, inferred) n := 0 for _, index := range dirty { t0 := inferred[index] if t1 := check.subst(nopos, t0, smap, nil, check.context()); t1 != t0 { // t0 was simplified to t1. // If t0 was a generic function, but the simplified signature t1 does // not contain any type parameters anymore, the function is not generic // anymore. Remove it's type parameters. (go.dev/issue/59953) // Note that if t0 was a signature, t1 must be a signature, and t1 // can only be a generic signature if it originated from a generic // function argument. Those signatures are never defined types and // thus there is no need to call under below. // TODO(gri) Consider doing this in Checker.subst. // Then this would fall out automatically here and also // in instantiation (where we also explicitly nil out // type parameters). See the *Signature TODO in subst. if sig, _ := t1.(*Signature); sig != nil && sig.TypeParams().Len() > 0 && !isParameterized(tparams, sig) { sig.tparams = nil } inferred[index] = t1 dirty[n] = index n++ } } dirty = dirty[:n] } // Once nothing changes anymore, we may still have type parameters left; // e.g., a constraint with core type *P may match a type parameter Q but // we don't have any type arguments to fill in for *P or Q (go.dev/issue/45548). // Don't let such inferences escape; instead treat them as unresolved. for i, typ := range inferred { if typ == nil || isParameterized(tparams, typ) { obj := tparams[i].obj check.errorf(posn, CannotInferTypeArgs, "cannot infer %s (%s)", obj.name, obj.pos) return nil } } return } // containsNil reports whether list contains a nil entry. func containsNil(list []Type) bool { for _, t := range list { if t == nil { return true } } return false } // renameTParams renames the type parameters in the given type such that each type // parameter is given a new identity. renameTParams returns the new type parameters // and updated type. If the result type is unchanged from the argument type, none // of the type parameters in tparams occurred in the type. // If typ is a generic function, type parameters held with typ are not changed and // must be updated separately if desired. // The positions is only used for debug traces. func (check *Checker) renameTParams(pos token.Pos, tparams []*TypeParam, typ Type) ([]*TypeParam, Type) { // For the purpose of type inference we must differentiate type parameters // occurring in explicit type or value function arguments from the type // parameters we are solving for via unification because they may be the // same in self-recursive calls: // // func f[P constraint](x P) { // f(x) // } // // In this example, without type parameter renaming, the P used in the // instantiation f[P] has the same pointer identity as the P we are trying // to solve for through type inference. This causes problems for type // unification. Because any such self-recursive call is equivalent to // a mutually recursive call, type parameter renaming can be used to // create separate, disentangled type parameters. The above example // can be rewritten into the following equivalent code: // // func f[P constraint](x P) { // f2(x) // } // // func f2[P2 constraint](x P2) { // f(x) // } // // Type parameter renaming turns the first example into the second // example by renaming the type parameter P into P2. if len(tparams) == 0 { return nil, typ // nothing to do } tparams2 := make([]*TypeParam, len(tparams)) for i, tparam := range tparams { tname := NewTypeName(tparam.Obj().Pos(), tparam.Obj().Pkg(), tparam.Obj().Name(), nil) tparams2[i] = NewTypeParam(tname, nil) tparams2[i].index = tparam.index // == i } renameMap := makeRenameMap(tparams, tparams2) for i, tparam := range tparams { tparams2[i].bound = check.subst(pos, tparam.bound, renameMap, nil, check.context()) } return tparams2, check.subst(pos, typ, renameMap, nil, check.context()) } // typeParamsString produces a string containing all the type parameter names // in list suitable for human consumption. func typeParamsString(list []*TypeParam) string { // common cases n := len(list) switch n { case 0: return "" case 1: return list[0].obj.name case 2: return list[0].obj.name + " and " + list[1].obj.name } // general case (n > 2) var buf strings.Builder for i, tname := range list[:n-1] { if i > 0 { buf.WriteString(", ") } buf.WriteString(tname.obj.name) } buf.WriteString(", and ") buf.WriteString(list[n-1].obj.name) return buf.String() } // isParameterized reports whether typ contains any of the type parameters of tparams. // If typ is a generic function, isParameterized ignores the type parameter declarations; // it only considers the signature proper (incoming and result parameters). func isParameterized(tparams []*TypeParam, typ Type) bool { w := tpWalker{ tparams: tparams, seen: make(map[Type]bool), } return w.isParameterized(typ) } type tpWalker struct { tparams []*TypeParam seen map[Type]bool } func (w *tpWalker) isParameterized(typ Type) (res bool) { // detect cycles if x, ok := w.seen[typ]; ok { return x } w.seen[typ] = false defer func() { w.seen[typ] = res }() switch t := typ.(type) { case *Basic: // nothing to do case *Alias: return w.isParameterized(Unalias(t)) case *Array: return w.isParameterized(t.elem) case *Slice: return w.isParameterized(t.elem) case *Struct: return w.varList(t.fields) case *Pointer: return w.isParameterized(t.base) case *Tuple: // This case does not occur from within isParameterized // because tuples only appear in signatures where they // are handled explicitly. But isParameterized is also // called by Checker.callExpr with a function result tuple // if instantiation failed (go.dev/issue/59890). return t != nil && w.varList(t.vars) case *Signature: // t.tparams may not be nil if we are looking at a signature // of a generic function type (or an interface method) that is // part of the type we're testing. We don't care about these type // parameters. // Similarly, the receiver of a method may declare (rather than // use) type parameters, we don't care about those either. // Thus, we only need to look at the input and result parameters. return t.params != nil && w.varList(t.params.vars) || t.results != nil && w.varList(t.results.vars) case *Interface: tset := t.typeSet() for _, m := range tset.methods { if w.isParameterized(m.typ) { return true } } return tset.is(func(t *term) bool { return t != nil && w.isParameterized(t.typ) }) case *Map: return w.isParameterized(t.key) || w.isParameterized(t.elem) case *Chan: return w.isParameterized(t.elem) case *Named: for _, t := range t.TypeArgs().list() { if w.isParameterized(t) { return true } } case *TypeParam: return tparamIndex(w.tparams, t) >= 0 default: panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected %T", typ)) } return false } func (w *tpWalker) varList(list []*Var) bool { for _, v := range list { if w.isParameterized(v.typ) { return true } } return false } // If the type parameter has a single specific type S, coreTerm returns (S, true). // Otherwise, if tpar has a core type T, it returns a term corresponding to that // core type and false. In that case, if any term of tpar has a tilde, the core // term has a tilde. In all other cases coreTerm returns (nil, false). func coreTerm(tpar *TypeParam) (*term, bool) { n := 0 var single *term // valid if n == 1 var tilde bool tpar.is(func(t *term) bool { if t == nil { assert(n == 0) return false // no terms } n++ single = t if t.tilde { tilde = true } return true }) if n == 1 { if debug { assert(debug && under(single.typ) == coreType(tpar)) } return single, true } if typ := coreType(tpar); typ != nil { // A core type is always an underlying type. // If any term of tpar has a tilde, we don't // have a precise core type and we must return // a tilde as well. return &term{tilde, typ}, false } return nil, false } // killCycles walks through the given type parameters and looks for cycles // created by type parameters whose inferred types refer back to that type // parameter, either directly or indirectly. If such a cycle is detected, // it is killed by setting the corresponding inferred type to nil. // // TODO(gri) Determine if we can simply abort inference as soon as we have // found a single cycle. func killCycles(tparams []*TypeParam, inferred []Type) { w := cycleFinder{tparams, inferred, make(map[Type]bool)} for _, t := range tparams { w.typ(t) // t != nil } } type cycleFinder struct { tparams []*TypeParam inferred []Type seen map[Type]bool } func (w *cycleFinder) typ(typ Type) { if w.seen[typ] { // We have seen typ before. If it is one of the type parameters // in w.tparams, iterative substitution will lead to infinite expansion. // Nil out the corresponding type which effectively kills the cycle. if tpar, _ := typ.(*TypeParam); tpar != nil { if i := tparamIndex(w.tparams, tpar); i >= 0 { // cycle through tpar w.inferred[i] = nil } } // If we don't have one of our type parameters, the cycle is due // to an ordinary recursive type and we can just stop walking it. return } w.seen[typ] = true defer delete(w.seen, typ) switch t := typ.(type) { case *Basic: // nothing to do case *Alias: w.typ(Unalias(t)) case *Array: w.typ(t.elem) case *Slice: w.typ(t.elem) case *Struct: w.varList(t.fields) case *Pointer: w.typ(t.base) // case *Tuple: // This case should not occur because tuples only appear // in signatures where they are handled explicitly. case *Signature: if t.params != nil { w.varList(t.params.vars) } if t.results != nil { w.varList(t.results.vars) } case *Union: for _, t := range t.terms { w.typ(t.typ) } case *Interface: for _, m := range t.methods { w.typ(m.typ) } for _, t := range t.embeddeds { w.typ(t) } case *Map: w.typ(t.key) w.typ(t.elem) case *Chan: w.typ(t.elem) case *Named: for _, tpar := range t.TypeArgs().list() { w.typ(tpar) } case *TypeParam: if i := tparamIndex(w.tparams, t); i >= 0 && w.inferred[i] != nil { w.typ(w.inferred[i]) } default: panic(fmt.Sprintf("unexpected %T", typ)) } } func (w *cycleFinder) varList(list []*Var) { for _, v := range list { w.typ(v.typ) } } // If tpar is a type parameter in list, tparamIndex returns the index // of the type parameter in list. Otherwise the result is < 0. func tparamIndex(list []*TypeParam, tpar *TypeParam) int { for i, p := range list { if p == tpar { return i } } return -1 }